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Battle of Opis
The Battle of Opis, fought in September 539 BC, was a major engagement between the armies of Persia under Cyrus the Great and the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nabonidus during the Persian invasion of Mesopotamia. At the time, Babylonia was the last major power in western Asia that was not yet under Persian control. The battle was fought in or near the strategic riverside city of Opis, north of the capital Babylon. It resulted in a decisive defeat for the Babylonians. A few days later, the city of Sippar surrendered to the Persians and Cyrus's forces entered Babylon apparently without a fight. Cyrus was subsequently proclaimed king of Babylonia and its subject territories, thus ending the independence of Babylon and incorporating the Babylonian Empire into the greater Persian Empire.
==Location==
The site of the battle was at the city of Opis on the river Tigris, located about 50 miles (80 km) north of modern Baghdad. The city is thought to have been a preferred point to cross the river; Xenophon describes a bridge there.〔Oppenheim, A.L. "The Babylonian Evidence of Achaemenian Rule in Mesopotamia", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' vol. 2, p. 539. Ilya Gershevitch (ed). Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-20091-1〕〔Briant, Pierre. ''From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire'', p. 362. Eisenbrauns, 2002. ISBN 1-57506-120-1〕 The timing of the invasion may have been determined by the ebb of the Mesopotamian rivers, which are at their lowest levels – and therefore are easiest to cross – in the early autumn.〔Tolini, Gauthier. "(Quelques elements concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus )." Note 3 of ''Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology'', March 2005〕
Opis was a place of considerable strategic importance; apart from the river crossing, it was at one end of the Median Wall, a fortified defensive barrier north of Babylon that had been built several decades earlier by Nebuchadnezzar II. Control of Opis would have enabled Cyrus to break through the Median Wall and open the road to the capital.〔T. Cutler Young, Jr., "The rise of the Persians to imperial power under Cyrus the Great", in ''The Cambridge Ancient History'' vol. 4, p. 39. John Boardman (ed). Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-521-22804-2〕
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